华北电力大学学报(社会科学版)

马克思认为人与自然互为主客体、互为目的与手段，人与自然的关系实质是人与人、人与社会的关系，共产主义社会能够消除人与自然的二元对立。在习近平生态文明思想指引下，我国生态文明建设实现历史性跃升，美丽中国建设稳步推进。然而，地方政府、企业和公众三个层面依然面临生态环境治理困境，突出表现为地方政府忽视生态可持续发展，企业逃避生态环保主体责任，公众缺乏参与环境治理的积极性。从马克思人与自然互主体性理论视角剖析，其本质皆可归因为人与自然的二元对立。马克思人与自然互主体性理论也为我国破解生态环境治理困境提供了科学的方法论指导。这一理论启示我国生态环境治理必须遵循人与自然主客体辩证统一的规律，处理好人与人、人与社会的关系，通过“政府主导、企业主动、公众参与”的和谐治理格局实现人与自然的和谐共生。

Marx holds that human and nature exist in a reciprocal relationship as subjects and objects,and serve as both ends and means to one another. The essence of their interaction lies not in an abstract separation between species and the natural world, but in the social relations between individuals and within communities —a dynamic that communist society would overcome by dissolving the dualistic opposition between human agency and natural processes. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization,China has achieved unprecedented breakthroughs in advancing ecological governance, driving steady progress toward the vision of a Beautiful China. However, persistent bottlenecks remain across three key stakeholders: local governments often prioritize short-term economic gains over long-term ecological sustainability, corporations frequently evade their primary responsibility for ecological and environmental protection, and public engagement in governance remains passive rather than proactive. From the perspective of Marx's theory of mutual subjectivity, these issues fundamentally reflect the persistent dualism that posits human agency against natural systems. Marx's theoretical framework, which emphasizes the interdependence of human and nature, provides a scientific methodological guide to address these dilemmas. China's ecological governance must therefore adhere to the dialectical unity of human and nature as co-constitutive subjects, properly mediate social relations that shape environmental outcomes, and realize harmonious coexistence through a collaborative model characterized by government leadership, corporate initiative, and public participation.