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作为国际能源治理体系的核心法律框架，《能源宪章条约》长期以来为国际能源投资与贸易提供了重要的法律保障。然而，在全球应对气候变化和推进能源转型的背景下，《能源宪章条约》却不得不面临一场严峻的“退约风潮”。许多《能源宪章条约》成员国纷纷质疑该条约在当今国际能源治理中的适用性和有效性。为应对这一危机，能源宪章秘书处启动了条约的现代化改革进程，旨在通过文本修订重塑国际社会信任。但就目前进展而言，改革成效仍存在显著不确定性。故而在面对“退约风潮”和现代化改革等诸多不确定时，中国应审慎评估加入《能源宪章条约》的利弊得失。一方面，应加速完善国内能源领域法律法规体系建设，夯实制度基础；另一方面，应对外积极参与全球能源治理机制改革，增强话语权，以期为国家能源安全法治链提供有力的法治保障。
Abstract：As the core legal framework of the international energy governance system, the Energy Charter Treaty(ECT) provides crucial legal safeguards for promoting international investment and trade in the energy sector. However, due to recent climate change and the global energy transition,a widespread "wave of withdrawals" from the ECT has emerged. Many member states have begun questioning the treaty's applicability and effectiveness in contemporary international energy governance. To address these concerns,the Energy Charter Secretariat has initiated modernization reforms, aiming to restore international trust by refining the ECT text. Nevertheless, the outcome of this institutional transformation remains highly uncertain.Facing the crisis of withdrawals, China should carefully consider acceding to the ECT, actively participate in international energy governance cooperation and improve domestic energy legislation to safeguard national energy security.
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(1) See The Paris Agreement 2(1).
(1)其实，早在2006年能源宪章会议上，俄罗斯就提出了对《能源宪章条约》进行修订的倡议。See Graham Coop,“The Energy Charter Treaty:What Lies Ahead?”in Graham Coop&Clarisse Ribeiro eds.,Investment Protection and The Energy Charter Treaty,New York:Juris Net,LLC,2008,p.321.
(1)全球能源需求分布的变化更为剧烈，欧洲、日本、韩国和北美的大部分地区能源使用量基本持平，而不断增长的消费集中在亚洲其他地区（占全球总量的60%）、非洲、中东和拉丁美洲。See IEA,World Energy Outlook2014,Paris:IEA,2014,p.23.
(1)这6个案件分别为Encavis and others v.Italy,Sun Reserve v.Italy,Belenergia v.Italy,Eskosol v.Italy,Silver Ridge v.Italy,Blusun v.Italy,均认定意大利没有违反ECT规定。
(2)这4个案件分别为Rockhopper v.Italy,ESPF and others v.Italy,CEF Energia v.Italy,Greentech and Nov Energia v.Italy,均认定意大利违反ECT规定，应当赔偿投资者巨额损失。
(3) See 9REN Holding S.à.r.l.v.Spain,ICSID Case No.ARB/15/15.
(1) See Plama Consortium Limited v.Republic of Bulgaria,ICSID Case No.ARB/03/24.
(2) See ECT Article 43(3).
(1) Gesetz für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz-EEG 2023) 1(2).
(1) 2020年9月22日，国家主席习近平在第七十五届联合国大会上宣布，中国力争2030年前二氧化碳排放达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和目标。参见习近平：《在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上的讲话》，载《人民日报》2020年9月23日第3版。
基本信息:
DOI：10.14092/j.cnki.cn11-3956/c.2026.01.003
中图分类号:D996.9
引用信息:
[1]吕江,廖纬霖.《能源宪章条约》：“退约风潮”、现代化改革与中国选择[J].华北电力大学学报(社会科学版),2026,No.159(01):19-31.DOI:10.14092/j.cnki.cn11-3956/c.2026.01.003.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金项目“欧美能源治理现代化的制度性设计及中国的路径选择研究”（20XGJ008）
2025-12-18
2025
2026-01-10
2026-01-22
2026
1
2026-02-20
2026-02-20